Present Perfect Affirmative

Present Perfect Affirmative

à The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

Form of Present Perfect

Subject	Positive
I /you/we/they	I have spoken
He/she/it	He has spoken

£      For irregular verbs, use the participle form. For regular verbs, just add “ed”.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding -ed	Example
After a final e only ad d	Love – Loved
Final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or / as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	Admit – Admitted / Travel – Travelled
Final y after a consonant becomes i	Hurry - Hurried

Use of Present Perfect

¶       Puts emphasis on the result

µ     Example: She has written five letters.

¶       Action that is still going on

µ     Example: School has not started yet.

¶       Action that stopped recently

µ     Example: She has cooked dinner.

¶       Finished action that has an influence on the present

µ     Example: I have lost my key.

¶       Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

µ     Example: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect

¡      already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now